Most achievements can be completed in a single playthrough of Survival (minus the Story Mode achievements); however "Face the Impossible" (1 day of Interloper) and "Skilled Survivor" (all skills to level 5) are mutually exclusive since Rifles/Revolvers cannot spawn on Interloper.
Trying to do too many similar achievements early on in a run can be very challenging even on lower difficulties ("Pacifist", etc).
The 3 rarest Achievements by far are "Skilled Survivor", "The Will to Live", and "Faithful Cartographer".